Intramural Games/Dukes Gym Essays - , Term Papers

Dr. Evans PE 310 Intramural Games/Dukes Gym 300 College Street NE, Orangeburg, SC 29115 David Erby Recreation Specialist Prior to arriving to the intramural games, that take place on Tue, Wed, Thur., my expectation was for students from the student body to come to the games for socialization. I pictured the games to be an outlet for a lot of the students on campus. I expected the teams to be warming up to play, and I anticipated a lot of excitement. The days that I attended the games I saw just that. I myself have attended numerous games in Dukes gym so I expected the games to be just as I remembered them. When I walked in the gym I observed students standing around and sitting on the bleachers. There was a basketball game going on, and there were two students refereeing the games. There two separate teams and the scores were close. On both teams there were students playing. The players were all African American males, and they were all between the ages of 18 and 23. The players seemed to be between the height of 57 and 63. Everyone is the gym appeared to be on leisure time, because they all were enjoy ing the activities taking place. The staff was composed of students that attend South Carolina State University. The staff was coaching and overseeing the game. The staff were continuing to do what I observed when I first walked into the gym. The staffs responsibilities were to monitor the game, make sure the students werent getting out of control, making sure none of the players got injured, and making sure the gym did not get messed up. The staff were wearing dress down clothes. None of the staff had on the same clothes. Everyone had on shorts, short sleeve shirt, and tennis shoes. The staff were very helpful and they were attentive to the game and their surroundings. Based on my observation I believe that I could do this job effectively. I am a fan of basketball and I enjoy downtime, so working in the gym would be an ideal job for me. In my opinion the purpose of the Intramural games at Dukes gym is to provide a safe outlet for the students at South Carolina State University. When I spoke with the head coach of t he gym he stated that I was right on the money with the gyms purpose. Dukes gym is accomplishing its goal to provide a safe outlet for the students of South Carolina State University. It is clear to see that the students are enjoying the games every week because one the three days that I attended the games the stands were full. The gym was so packed that many students had to stand up around the court. The basketball games clearly are very safe. This leads me to believe that the programs that are provided by the gym are matching the gyms mission statement. This is a place where I would easily spend my free time. In the three days that I visited Dukes gym I was very pleased. This is the perfect place for the students of South Carolina State University to enjoy safe and entertaining activities.

That cameras should be allowed in the courtroom essays

That cameras should be allowed in the courtroom essays Tradition. Precedent. Pomp and circumstance. These words come to mind when we consider the justice system. However, in many court facilities today the words "multimedia," "digital technology" and "state-of-the-art" just as easily apply. One must ask Do the words multimedia, digital technology and state-of-the-art relate to tradition, precedent, pomp, circumstance and the administration of justice. The answer ladies and gentlemen is no. We must not be fooled into the illusion of believing that cameras in the courtrooms will be beneficial to the justice system. Nor will it enable us the public to become better educated. Good evening chairperson ladies and gentlemen. As you have heard the topic for tonights debate is that we should have cameras in the courtrooms. We agree/disagree with the definition given by the opposition. Should both the moral and the practical. Cameras a device for taking photographs or motion pictures. Courtrooms a room where a law court is held. We should not have cameras in the courtrooms and we will continue to prove this to you. Tonight I will be speaking about, firstly, the use of cameras in the courtrooms as educators and how they mislead the public. Secondly, how cameras in the courtrooms are impractical. Our second speaker will continue by speaking, firstly, about the infringements cameras have on a citizens right to a fair trial and secondly, she will discuss cameras in the courtrooms in relation to entertainment purposes and the immoral form such broadcasting takes. I would now like to point out __ discrepancies in the oppositions case. My first argument tonight is that cameras in the courtrooms are not educators; they are often misleading and are the cause, not the solution, to the publics lack of confide ...

Analysis of Escobar's thesis compare and contrast his theological Essay

Analysis of Escobar's thesis compare and contrast his theological contribution - Essay Example The liberation theology was the creation of the Catholic Christianity (Prahalad & Doz, 2007, p. 125). In addition, Escobar argues that the majority of the theologians apply two principles in the liberation mission. They include an examination of the social, economic and political aspects of the missionary enterprise itself, and, secondly, an understanding of the missionary enterprise within a global observation of human history (Escobar, 2003, p. 137). This study reveals that the Escobar’s perception on the Missiology that ignores serious consideration of both the social and political realities is misplaced. Escobar believes that Liberation Theology applies incorrect principles for creating a theology of mission, instead asserts that the basis for a proper theology of mission is the social sciences and Biblical Disclosure (Rodriguez, 2012, p. 111). Furthermore, Escobar dismisses the Liberation theology justification that people first perceive God in history and then go the scr ipture to reaffirm their belief. Escobar proposes that the Bible, particularly the Biblical Christology, is the fundamental basis for theology of mission. In summary, Escobar admits that Evangelical Missiology will be formed with and by the populace, yet its foundation is not in the people, but instead with the Evangelical commitments. Comparison of Escobar’s theology with Moltmann’s theology Samuel Escobar is a leading Latin American Theologian. Escobar was among the principal participants in the international Congress on World Evangelization. Escobar constructs a theology of mission on the social and political realities, which is a total contrast with Moltmann who bring a systematic theology based on the element of eschatology (Rodriguez, 2012, p. 128). Escobar asserts that the realties in theology should be constructed out of the biblical revelation and aspects of social sciences. Moltmann focuses on four lines of thought, which include the notion of an eschatologic al open future, the Christian theology of history, the Trinitarian sending God and the scope of salvation. Moltmann believes that the prospect of history should be kept open as the meadow of God’s puzzling and capricious works since a closed history robs hope for the future. This is because a closed history denies hope for the future (Rodriguez, 2012, p. 101). It is imperative to note that this claim is fundamental to Missiology since it attempts to elucidate God’s plans and distinctiveness. On the other hand, the Trinitarian Theology forms a fundamental aspect to Mission work. Moltmann asserts that, mission originates from the very being of God and not an activity of human beings. This aspect indicates that, there exists a link amid systematic theology of the Trinity and the mission work. Moreover, the Moltmann’s Systematic study of the nature of Christian prospect is critical because it preserves the veracity of the human familiarity of time and the certainty of God’s manifestation partaking in time while addressing the nature of God and of time. Numerous theologians have supported Moltmann’s theology by asserting that, it is fundamental to mission theologians since it is future directed and oriented (Prahalad & Doz, 2007, p. 128). This theology is significant since it has enhanced understanding of God’s mission in relation to a certain amount of tension of God’s rule both now and in the future. In conclusion, the

Benefits of Bespoke Construction Contracts Term Paper

Benefits of Bespoke Construction Contracts - Term Paper Example Bespoke Contracts are core parts of the construction industry. The contractual agreements developed in the context of the specific industry are usually based on general contracts – which refer to all tasks usually developed in the context of construction projects; however, a construction project may be quite complex and it needs to be based on a contract developed especially for it: a bespoke contract will be used in this case to cover all aspects of this project; in other words, Bespoke construction Contracts are contracts tailored to the needs of a specific construction project. It is possible that the development of a construction project is primarily based on a general construction contract; during the development of the project it is made clear that certain aspects of the project are not appropriately or adequately addressed; a Bespoke Contract will be used to cover any gaps in the provisions necessary for the successful development of the project; in the above case, the Bespoke Contract will have a supplementary role in the project’s completion (O’Reilly, 1999, p.37). In order to understand the value of Bespoke Contracts compared to the existing construction contracts, we should refer primarily to the role of Bespoke Contracts within the construction industry. Bespoke Contracts can be characterized as contracts of specific characteristics; their structure and their content are likely to be influenced by the conditions of the market, the willingness of the parties but also the demands of a particular construction project.   All the above factors can influence the effectiveness of Bespoke Contracts – either in the short or the long term. In the study of Cox et al. (1997) the contractual environment of UK is set under examination; it is noted that in the contractual relations developed in the context of the above industry are likely to include the following elements: ‘the relationship, the risk apportionment, the division of responsibilities and the reimbursement mechanism’ (Cox et al., 1997, p. 127).

Sustainable and ethical tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sustainable and ethical tourism - Essay Example People do not have time to spend with their families to sit back, relax and talk. It’s all about accumulating wealth and how much can you accumulate. Under such intrigue situations people all over the world go on holidays and vacations whenever they get time to spend with their loved ones. Choosing a tourist destination is not that simple today, now you need to consider a number of factors before you make the final decision. Majority of the mass tourism today is dominated by travelers that want to explore the world and to discover the secrets and signs hidden in its beauty, matter and treasures. The market dynamics in today’s brisk paced world have revolutionized. Media empowerment, advancement of internet and technology and emergence of public entities, social groups and Non Government Organizations have revolutionized the market place from top to toe in all respects. Today the consumer is obstinate from a marketer’s perspective and has the power and liberty to repudiate or purchase, literally, anything based on personal liking and choice. This is how the marketplace works in the real world today with the emergence and existence of a new concept known to us as consumerism (Assadourin, 2010). The tourists today are also aware of the morals and ethics of travelling and they really take care of the fact that they are visiting places that offer healthy and genuine mass tourism. Healthy and genuine mass tourism refers to the fact that the culture and the heritage that is portrayed as local are original and not captured or illegally acquired. Similarly greener environments are preferred over places that are not environment friendly. Similarly with growing political tension in different parts of the world, terrorism and discriminatory acts have labeled some of the greatest tourist destinations as no go zones and this has led to the shift in interests of and choices made by tourists to decide upon their dream location for vacation (J.D Roth, 2011) . Mass tourism Industry and its impact on economy After the recession the global economy is still recovering from its aftershocks and after effects. The recession blew away all the mega structures that were created by the financial gurus and the corporate masterminds for the economic stability of Global business community. All their efforts literally went in vain as their hard work of years did not enable their businesses to survive a couple of years of economic downturn. As the disastrous recession of 2007-08 comes to an end, the corporate sectors and the global economies look for industries that are virtually recession proof and that will help them come out of the recession more quickly than others. One such industry is the Global Mass tourism Industry. According to mercopress.com the Global Mass tourism Industry accounts for 9% percent of the world GDP and 8% of the total world employment. These are big numbers and by 2019 the Global Mass tourism Industry is expected to create 29 6 million jobs worldwide. The former discussion

Job Analysis In Rapidly Changing Organizations Management Essay

Job Analysis In Rapidly Changing Organizations Management Essay The importance of job analysis in obtaining the right people for organizations has been established in literature (Siddique, 2004; Palmer and Valet, 2001; Baruch and Lessem, 1995). Job analysis refers to the process of analyzing the requirements of jobs and identifying skills, behaviours, knowledge, and other characteristics needed for satisfactory job performance (De Cieri and Kramer, 2003; Palmer and Valet, 2001; McKillip, 2001). In recent years however, there have been issues regarding the relevance of job analysis in staffing for modern organizations because of its specific and detailed outcomes, which are inconsistent with the flexible nature of contemporary organizations (Brannick and Levine, 2002). Given the arguments for and against the relevance of job analysis, can it be considered as essential in getting the best staff to work in modern and rapidly changing organizations? Analyzing this statement merits a clear look into the characteristics of best staff in modern organizations and the context where they are working. As opposed to traditional organizations that offer rigid and stable working environments, modern and rapidly changing organizations have been described as flexible (Dessler, Griffiths, and Lloyd-Walker, 2004), dynamic, competitive, and less hierarchical (Brannick and Levine, 2002; Hammer and Champy, 2001; Sanchez, 1994), multidimensional (Hammer and Champy, 2001), influenced by technological, social, political, and global changes (Dessler, et. al., 2004), and boundaryless with tasks and roles that are more fluid and less defined (Nelson, 1997; Hirschhorn and Gilmore, 1992). Given this work context, the best staff to work for modern and dynamic organizations can be considered as those who are flexible, open to learning, dynamic, empowered, and self-directed, able to respond to changing demands of the job, and with sound interpersonal and collaborative skills necessary for team work (Dessler et. al., 2004; Brannick and Levine, 2002; Hammer and Champy, 2001; Hirschhorn and Gilmore, 1992 ). Possession of the essential work-related skills (Palmer and Valet, 2001) and the ability to manage complicated tasks (Hammer and Champy, 2001) is also important. Looking at the characteristics of modern organizations, wherein jobs are constantly changing, a traditional type of job analysis which focuses on specific job descriptors and employee characteristics to match these may no longer be relevant (Nelson, 1997; Sanchez, 1994). A more modern type of job analysis that selects staff on the basis of their capability to function in a dynamic set-up is more appropriate (Sanchez, 1994). Consequently, job analysis, when used appropriately, has been seen to meet the demands of new working environments (Siegel, 1996; Sanchez, 1994). Therefore, job analysis is essential in getting the best staff to work in modern organizations so long as it is performed in a pro-active way (Siddique, 2004) and is able to accommodate and adapt to fast-changing demands (Clifford, 1994). Job analysis is essential in getting the best staff to work in modern organizations, first because it is capable of adapting to organizational needs in regards to providing relevant information for describing jobs and work environment, and staff characteristics that is best for the organization (Siddique, 2004; Nelson, 1997; Sanchez, 1994). Second, it strengthens the validity of measurement tools used to identify characteristics of jobs and employees (Kubiszyn and Borich, 1996). Third, it provides information on education and training needs for staff development (Dessler et. al., 2004; De Cieri and Kramer, 2003). Fourth, it provides the basis for evaluating staff performance needed to enhance their performance (Brannick and Levine, 2002; Palmer and Valet, 2001). Last, job analysis provides data needed in setting-up a working environment that would motivate staff to work at their best (Dessler et. al., 2004). To discuss the first point, job analysis is relevant in getting the best staff for modern organizations because it presents dynamic and new ways of describing jobs, work environments, and organization culture; and the staff characteristics needed to get the work done. Therefore, it serves its basic function of providing a match between organizational needs and staff characteristics. Job analysis no longer limits itself to identifying specific job descriptions and job specifications. Modern job analysis techniques such as the worker-oriented methods of job analysis (Nelson, 1997, p. 43) and competency-focused approach (Siddique, 2004, p.225) provides information on broader qualities such as conflict management skills, motivation, and flexibility that are critical for success in a variety of jobs for modern organizations. In addition, job analysis can also identify team descriptions that can facilitate collaboration in a team-based nature of modern organizations (Brannick and Levine, 2 002; Siegel, 1996). It is worth mentioning however, that there have also been arguments regarding the applicability of job analysis to modern organizations (Sanchez, 1994). Several authors (Brannick and Levine, 2002; Sanchez, 1994) for instance discussed the setbacks of job analysis as being rigid and inconsistent with the fluid nature of modern businesses. However, Brannick and Levine (2002) discussed that problems with job analysis stem from its products such as job descriptors and not necessarily on the entire job analysis procedure. In contrast to accusations, the ability of job analysis to identify characteristics needed to get the best staff to function in modern organizations has been evident in several instances. For example, Milan and Tucker (1992) discussed the story of British Petroleum, the worlds third largest oil company, wherein teams of staff members from its different divisions and locations worked together to develop a skills matrix that included descriptors for families of skills and corresponding performance levels. As a result, the matrix enabled the employees to understand the different roles that they can play in the company and the level of performance required, thus empowering them to take charge of their own development. Similarly, Laabs (1993) related the story of Gillette Co, a fast growing global company that benefited from identifying important broad staff characteristics like adaptability, enthusiasm, and aggressiveness which effectively helped the company in attracting and tapping new graduates that meet its global and competitive needs. Since jobs keep on changing in modern organizations, identifying work environment characteristics has been seen as more important in identifying compatible staff members than specific job descriptors (Nelson, 1997). Job analysis has been discussed to serve this function. For instance, Siegel (1996) mentioned the applicability of job analysis in a TQM environment by detailing the characteristics of the organizations systems and subsystems to enable staff to work interdependently. Similarly, job analysis is also important in ensuring that employees match the organization culture by operationalising and providing a framework for an organizations culture and the necessary staff characteristics that would fit the culture (Dessler et. al, 2004; Nelson, 1994). Clearly, so long as job analysis is up-to-date, it can function as a roadmap for companies to use in selecting the best staff both from within and outside the organization. Job and work descriptions and specifications can only be effective in getting the best staff if measures used to identify relevant characteristics are valid. Dr. Howard Hane (cited in Palmer, H. and Valet W., 2001) said that job analysis aids in the valid and reliable development of these tools by specifying what needs to be measured for a given task and at what standards. For instance, Day (1989, p. 27) emphasized the importance of conducting job analysis in designing a personality inventory and providing an accurate measure for personality traits in selecting employees. Valid personality measurements and other competency measures are important in selecting the best staff for modern organizations because these provide characteristics that are needed for a wide array of jobs. Getting the best staff does not end with matching organizational needs with employee characteristics. Once, their in the organization, they will only continue to be the best if given proper education and training. Education and training are important because in modern organizations, people are expected to be versatile and to attune their skills and knowledge to organizational changes (Dessler, et. al, 2004; Hammer and Champy, 2001). Job analysis is essential in employee education and training needs assessment in modern organizations by identifying skills and competence that needs to be developed and by forecasting skills that will be needed for future responsibilities (Dessler et. al., 2004). For instance Siegel (1996) discussed the use of job analysis in a TQM environment by providing information on employee cross-training for them to work spontaneously in different subsystems. As Clifford (1994) suggested, job analysis also assists the organization and its staff in determining training needs for professional growth planning. Furthermore, job analysis strengthens the validity of training procedures by providing a means to match important characteristics and the emphasis given to these in trainings (McKillip, 2001). The importance of job analysis in employee training for a modern organization was seen in the case of Dixie Group Inc., a major carpet industry in the United States. This company used job analysis as basis for staff education and development to enable them to keep up with and deliver good results amidst fast changing technology (Palmer and Valet, 2001). Once employees are hired, put in the right position, trained, or educated, the effective way of determining the quality of performance is evaluation. Evaluation will provide an objective basis whether the best staff is indeed at place in the organization. The basis for all evaluation is of course a clear criteria or standard of how jobs and tasks should be accomplished (Borich and Kubiszyn, 1996). Job analysis again enters the picture by providing up-to-date information for acceptable standards of job performance that will be used to assess the quality of work of staff (Dessler et. al., 2004; Siddique, 2004). If duties and standards are clearly provided by a job analysis, then evaluation procedures would proceed smoothly (Clifford, 1994). The results of the evaluation can then be used for training needs analysis as well as personal improvement plans of the staff. It can also be the basis for putting people in job categories wherein they excel. Another area of employee evaluation wherein job analysis is important has to do with compensation decisions (Dessler et. al., 2004). Fast changing organizations would likely get the best staff that they require if compensation packages are reasonable and commensurate to the responsibilities given to people and their qualifications. The information on various jobs provided by job analysis is very essential in this process (De Cieri and Kramer, 2003). Finally, getting the best staff also means keeping them at their best by providing motivation. Good employees in modern organizations are normally flexible and talented; therefore they will not stay in organizations that do not offer stimulating work environments. Job analysis addresses this issue by providing information needed in designing and redesigning interesting jobs that foster team work, responsibility, challenge, and employee empowerment (Dessler et. al., 2004; Brannick and Levine, 2002). For instance, proper combination of positive job characteristics in a job design may lead to positive work outcomes (Dessler et. al., 2004), thereby maintaining the staff at their best performance levels. Modern organizations have indeed moved from a static and bureaucratic system to one that is dynamic, flexible, and boundaryless; resulting to changes on the characteristics of the best staff needed for these organizations. Since jobs keep on changing, employees are no longer chosen on the basis of specific skills or how well they can perform specific tasks. This makes the question of whether job analysis is essential in getting the best staff to work in modern and rapidly changing organization an important point for discussion. There have been arguments regarding the applicability of job analysis in modern and fast changing organizations because it was regarded as providing rigid information that is inconsistent the with the flexible nature of organizations. On the contrary, however, literature on job analysis (Siegel, 1996; Sanchez, 1994) has shown that it is capable of adapting to the requirements of modern organizations and has evolved to incorporate methods that enable companies to get the best staffs that are suitable to its changing needs. Thus, job analysis, as long as up-to-date, is important in getting the best staff because it still serves its primary functions of first, providing relevant information about people and work characteristics needed to get the best staff (Siddique, 2004; Nelson, 1997; Sanchez, 1994); second, strengthening the validity of measurement tools used to identify characteristics of best staff (Kubiszyn and Borich, 1996); and third, providing relevant information for staff edu cation, training (Dessler et. al., 2004; De Cieri and Kramer, 2003), evaluation (Brannick and Levine, 2002; Palmer and Valet, 2001) and design of a motivating work environment to keep the staff at their best (Dessler et. al., 2004). Clearly, so long as job analysis is able to keep abreast with the dynamic needs of organizations, it is essential in getting the best staff to work in modern organizations. This topic, however, still merits more research on the applicability of job analysis in acquiring the best staff for real organizations and the development of more relevant job analysis tools.

The Language of The Neuromancer Essay examples -- Neuromancer Essays

The Language of The Neuromancer      According to A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature, formalistic approach represents "an approach with methodology, with a history, with practitioners and with some detractors" (73). "When all the words, phrases, metaphors, images, and symbols and examined in terms of each other and of the whole, any literary text worth our efforts will display its own internal logic" (75). However, peculiarity of language use remains one of the most prevalent aspects of the formalistic approach in literature.    "The sky above the port was the color of television tuned into a dead channel" (3).    Opening the novel with the use of such extravagant language, the author sets an ambiance for an intriguing and intricate proceeding plot. Using surrealistic language that starts with heavy-duty terminology and bizarre coding, to names of places that have dubious and ambiguous meaning, to characters' names that Gibson uses in his cyberpunk novel, the author exposes the reader to a number of different nationalities and words derived from foreign languages that pertain to events of the modern world. Gibson talks about the Russian military prosthesis, the East European steel teeth of Ratz's, the Chinese "nerve splicing," the Japanese "Sarariman" or the English slang for "suit," the Australian bellowing, the French "flechettes," the Jamaican Rustafarian culture, the Turkish settings, which proceeds in an on-going concoction of terminology. This concept leads to the perception that incorporation and interrelation of mixed and diverse cultures through the use of different languages represen ts a stronghold for the creation of the entire world as one big cosmopolitan society.    Describing... ...ce, and 'mancer' stands for a magician and romance. Yet, "Neuromancer" might be Gibson's mere speculation about Case's "quality" as a computer "hacker" who disrupts the social order by throwing virus programs into society, thus causing chaos in the world. Nonetheless, using the "neuromancer" as a pun, the author could be alluding to the "Necromancer" in Goethe's "Faust," which means a magician dealing in evil spirits and death. Apparently, peculiarity and the use of surrealistic language determine the conceit and revelation of the novel's plot. However, contemplating about the future of science fiction and cyberpunk literature, it is probable that humans will not be capable of deciphering the language without the use of additional help sources. Rather, science fiction's predisposition of becoming an unintelligible puzzle of words increases on a daily basis.   

The Sicilian Mafia

For some people, the mere mention of the name â€Å"Mafia† paints a portrait in the subconscious of burly or corpulent, thuggish-looking men, with peppered or jet black hair, a scar somewhere on their face, dressed in black or gray pinstriped suits garnished with a flower in their lapel, a fedora cocked angularly over their brow, their necks and fingers decorated in gold jewelry, and carrying a briefcase or any means of transportation for weapons or money. This image is typically cliche of the average early 20th century gangster found in big cities such as New York City and Chicago, and of those individuals found in classic films such as â€Å"The Godfather† and â€Å"Scarface†. So then, what is, or who are, the â€Å"Mafia? † From where did they come? What did they do? Where are they now? To truly understand what the Mafia is and represents, one must travel back in time, centuries ago, where the word, and the people associated, are rooted from an area known widely for its bountiful history of arts, war, and honor – Sicily, Italy. A thorough understanding of what the Mafia consists of would not be complete without an understanding of the Sicilian concepts of â€Å"vendetta† and â€Å"omerta. † The Italian word vendetta is rooted in the Latin vindicta meaning â€Å"revenge. † A more modern equivalent would be violent and vengeful â€Å"pay back†. The vendetta was often a prolonged series of retaliatory, hostile acts in exchange for previous violent acts, such as an â€Å"eye for an eye† concept or otherwise known as lex taliones. In ancient times, when enforcement of law by reliable authorities was virtually unknown, families would often take matters in their own hands, and exact â€Å"payment† or revenge for a wrong-doing by another by means of vendetta, often by employing violence, to include murder, to redress their grievance and restore honor to the injured group or family. Equally important in understanding what Mafia is about, is the Italian concept of â€Å"omerta. In its present day usage, omerta is simply a â€Å"code of silence,† much like the Blue Curtain of Secrecy employed by law enforcement or omissions of knowledge that friends will utilize if a comrade is accused of a crime. Historically, however, the root meaning of this Italian word is â€Å"manliness,† not unlike the Spanish concept of â€Å"machismo,† which is considered an integral part, if not the very core value, behind the â€Å"code of honor. † It was in 13th century Sicily that such â€Å"men of honor† organized themselves to drive out foreign invaders, and were willing to kill, if necessary. Protecting the identities of their brothers in the event of capture, these â€Å"men of honor† invoked omerta, a code of silence, by refusing to provide governing authorities any information. The concept of omerta, then, served to provide a modicum of protection for the remaining body of those â€Å"men of honor. † No one is certain of the enigmatic origins of the name given to groups of organized criminals from Italy, and the word itself had been long debated. One theory takes place during the time in the middle ages when the island of Sicily was plagued by foreign invaders, particularly by the French Angevins, who imposed unfair taxes upon the Sicilians. Rising up against their oppressors, several numbers of male citizens, who later came to be called â€Å"men of honor,† banded together to overthrow the French, while shouting, â€Å"Morte alla Francia Italia anelia! † Translated, the phrase means: â€Å"Death to the French is Italy’s cry! † Taking the first letter from each word in this Italian phrase, the word â€Å"M-a-F-I-a! † was created. Another theory thought to be true is that the word â€Å"Mafia† was created in 1282 when an enraged group of Sicilian â€Å"men of honor† struck back against a French soldier, killing him in retaliation for raping a Palermo girl on her wedding day. Taking away a young woman’s virginity before it is given to her spouse is a heinous crime, and during this era, was punishable by death. As news of this revolt spread from one town to the next, other Sicilians rose up against their French occupiers, killing literally thousands, thus running them off the island, while crying out, â€Å"Ma fia! Ma fia! † Literally meaning, â€Å"My daughter! My daughter! Although neither theory has been proven, it is apparent that the basis of the name Mafia comes from some root of honor. The structure of the Mafia is originally based on a close-knit famiglia or family structure, where the eldest male, such as a grandfather who is wise in the ways of family operations based on heritage and traditions, is the capofamiglia, otherwise known as the head of the family or the boss – such as the â€Å"godfather†. His second in command or right-hand man who acts as a â€Å"pseudo-boss† when the capofamilglia is away, is the sotto capo, or underboss, and could have originally been a brother or first born son. The capofamiglia may have one or more advisors, made up of close friends, brothers, or cousins, who aid him in any decision making regarding la famiglia, known as consigliere. Following the sotto capo are crews of â€Å"soldiers†, or capodecina, commanded by the sotto capo. The capodecina, literally meaning â€Å"head of ten† is selected by the capofamiglia, and usually coordinates units of soldiers made up of about ten people. Lastly are associates, who have no familial ties with the famiglia, through blood or initiation, but aid the famiglia through legal and illegal means. Associates usually consist of corrupt officials, such as police officers, judges, or religious heads, who help la famiglia by providing any important information. An associate, to la famiglia, is seen as nothing more than a tool, and may be discarded of easily if their services are not needed anymore. The only way to join the famiglia in the past was to be born or married into the family. As time went on, family of friends, as well as friends of friends, were admitted, but only after partaking in an initiation ceremony and swearing their allegiance to la famiglia, or else face the consequences of horrific mutilation or death. Initiation ceremonies included a variety of oaths and pledges, where potential members would carry out various acts to show their loyalty. Some acts included, but were not limited to, killing their own family members due to an unpaid debt to the famiglia, finding a â€Å"rat† within the famiglia and sending him a warning, such as mutilation or terrorizing their home life, or other heinous and illegal acts that would show devotion. Other means of initiation were ceremonies where a blood oath was implemented. In a testimony from the police interrogation of Leo Pellegrino, from the village of Sciacca, Agrigento province, 15 March 1876, Leo proceeded to explain the ceremony he was involved in: â€Å"Marsala tied my index finger of my right hand tightly with a string. He pricked the finger with a pin. The blood dripped on the image of a female saint. He burned the image, divided it into two portions and gave me one. We ground up our portions in our hands and then threw the result into the air. As part of the ceremony I swore that I would remain a member of the Societa that has as its capo Don Vito Vita, and its aim is to commit crimes against persons and property. I was told that the Societa has affiliates in other towns, each town with its own capo, and if an affiliate does not carry out his assigned duties he would be judged by the Societa and condemned to death. Then they taught me the mode of recognizing other affiliates. † Prior to Benito Mussolini becoming Italy’s dictator during the Fascist movement, the Mafia was the one of the ways of providing protection and justice throughout Sicily without involving law enforcement and government officials. The Mafia would rid neighborhoods of vandals and criminals, while collecting fees for their services. What work they provided for the people would be repaid in money, goods, or by marrying into families so they would profit from farming lands. By the time Mussolini came to Sicily, the Mafia had acquired a great deal of power and respect from the citizens they protected and profited from. In 1924, when Mussolini visited Sicily, he was angered by the reception he received. The capofamiglias treated him as nothing more than a mere guest to their land, and told Mussolini that he was under their protection. Enraged by this notion, fearing opposition to his regime, the dictator avowed to suppress the Mafia by means of violence and honor. Mussolini names Ceaser Mori as Prefect, and ordered him to crack down with â€Å"steel and fire† against the Mafia. Because the Mafia’s power was equal to that of the State, an invasion of western Sicily took place, and during 1926-1928, 11,000 suspects in the Mafia were arrested. Ceaser Mori felt that the Mafia and Sicilian people were not one in the same. Rather, that the island had been suffering under the reign of terror known as the Mafia because the State was absent. Poor governing had created the menace known as Mafia, and that by eliminating that power, encouraged the people of Sicily to break away from unlawful oppression. He wanted the Mafia to appreciate that the State was stronger and wanted the â€Å"men of respect and honor† to be brought to their knees and be humble for their vanity and arrogance. During Mori’s suppressive action of rounding up any individual, proven or otherwise, under suspicion of â€Å"association for criminal purposes,† hundreds fled Sicily to other countries – as many as five hundred entered the United States, some illegally with help from family currently residing in the Unites States. Those arrested and unable to flee were found guilty and imprisoned. They were tortured in order to gain confessions, whether true or not, and violence towards individuals was common. Communities would be rounded up to ensure that those guilty would not flee the country. Innocent people would be caught up in the violence and tyranny with no ounce of concern from the State or other government officials. With Mussolini in control, Sicily faced a reign of terror. After capturing Don Vito Cascio Ferro, the â€Å"greatest capo the Mafia ever had,† Mori attempted to extract a confession from Don Vito, that he was, indeed, the capofamiglia of the Sicilian Mafia. Don Vito denied any accusation, regardless of the countless beatings Mori and his police committed. Finally, after having his legs clamped between a block of wood, Don Vito confessed to his involvement, and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Mussolini announced to the nation shortly after that the Mafia was no more and no force would ever be able to revive it. Following the Fascist movement and World War II, the crime rate in Sicily soared in amongst the upheaval and chaos. Many criminals escaped from prison and bandits roamed the streets, wreaking havoc where ever they came. As Fascist members were disposed of, replacements were appointed, many of which turned out to be part of the Mafiosi, such as Calogero Vizzini and Giuseppe Genco Russo. They would present themselves as political dissidents and would become further desirable with their anti-communist position. The Minister of Agriculture, a communist, pushed for reforms where peasants would receive larger shares of produce and own land that was forced to be sold by owners of large estates. The Mafia had connections to many landowners and murdered several social reformists; however, they were unable to stop the process, and many landowners chose to sell their land to the Mafiosi, who offered more money than the government. After the war, the government poured money into rebuilding Sicily, where two Mafia connected officials took control of Palermo’s Office of Public Works. They gave out building permits to just five people, who were probably Mafia front men. Any construction companies unconnected with the Mafia were forced to pay protection fees, and many illegally constructed buildings were put up before the city’s planning was finalized. This was the re-birth of the Sicilian Mafia. During the early 1960s, the first high-profile Mafia conflict occurred in post-war Italy. The Sicilian Mafia has always had a long history of violent rivalries, but this was the first to involve many lives, some of which were innocents. In December of 1962, a heroin shipment to America turned up missing, and when the Sicilian Mafia Commission could not decide who to blame, the La Barbera clan, one clan involved, took matters into their own hands. They murdered a Mafioso, or member, of the Greco clan whom they had suspicion of stealing heroin. Therein, triggering a war where many would lose their lives. In April 1963, several non-mafiosi were wounded during a shootout in Palermo. Two months later, six military officers and a policeman in Ciaculli were killed while trying to dispose of a car bomb. Because the conflict spread beyond Sicily and claimed several innocent lives, a crackdown commenced in which nearly two thousand arrests were made. Mafia activity fell as a result as clans disbanded and many Mafiosi went into hiding. The Commission was dissolved and would not reform until the late 1960s and early 1970s. During the 1970s, the Mafia in Sicily resumed its normal illicit business, and Corleonesi, the mafia family from the town of Corleone, slowly began growing in power and prestige under the brutal and ambitious leadership of Luciano Leggio. Luciano Leggio became the boss through simply shooting the previous boss, Michele Navarra. Corleonsi’s primary rivals were the bosses of various powerful Palermo Mafia Families. The Sicilian Mafia Commission was re-established in 1970, with Luciano Leggio as one of the three leaders, although his underboss, Salvatore Riina, represented him as he was in hiding in mainland Italy for various crimes committed. After Leggio was captured and murdered in 1974, Riina took over as boss and began winning over allies amongst other Mafia families. In 1978, Riina arranged the murders of Bontade and Inserillo’s allies, the Reisi and Catania clans’ bosses. This caused the bosses of Palermo and their men to become isolated. After the murder of Stefano Bontade, another member of the commission, the Second Mafia War began. Hundreds of enemy Mafiosi and relatives were killed by each other, and even some of those who were traitorous in their own clans. In the end, the Corleonesi faction won, and Riina became widely known as the â€Å"boss of bosses. † By the early 1980s, the magistrates Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino began a campaign against the Sicilian Mafia. With the arrest of Tommaso Buscetta, a mafioso turned informant, Falcone and Borsellino compiled their testimonies and organized the Maxi Trial, which lasted twenty-eight months. Four hundred seventy-four mafiosi were put on trial, of which 342 were convicted. By 1992, the Italian Supreme Court confirmed these convictions. The Mafia retaliated violently, and in 1988, they murdered a Palermo judge and his son, a prosecutor and an anti-mafia businessman. Four years later, Falcone and Borsellino were killed by car bombs, and this led to a public outcry, along with a massive government crackdown, resulting in the arrest of Riina in 1993. Following Riina’s arrest, the Mafia began a campaign of terror on mainland Italy. Tourist spots were attacked, such as places in Florence, Milan, and Rome, leaving ten dead and 93 injured, two churches bombed, and an anti-mafia priest shot dead. Leadership of the Mafia was held for a short time by Leoluca Bagarella, and then was passed to Bernardo Provenzano after Bagarella was captured in 1995. Provenzano ceased the violent campaign and replaced it with pax mafiosi, the quiet mafia, where it allowed the Mafia to slowly regain the power it once held. Provenzano halted the murders of state officials and informants. He felt that by not killing them and their families, it would encourage informants to retract their statements and testimonies and return to the famiglia. After eleven years of leadership, Provenzano was arrested in 2006.

The Carbone family Essay Example

The Carbone family Essay Example The Carbone family Essay The Carbone family Essay This is where Catherine tries to find her own independence. She tells Eddie that he should be happy for her, and that shell see him around the neighbour hood. Also that she cannot stay there any longer. Eddie repeats him self again. You aint goin nowheres. At the moment Eddie seems to be in control of himself and is forcing his will on Catherine. Catherine is in tears now and tries to tell Eddie that she can handle her self. Eddie, Im not gonna be a baby no more! You - (He reaches out suddenly, draws her to him, and as she strives to free herself her kisses her on the mouth. ) Rodolpho immediately does the manliest thing that hes ever done in the play and stops Eddie. Dont(He pulls on Eddies arm)Stop that! Have respect for her! Rodolpho stands up to Eddie to protect Catherine, he does this as he tells Eddie that Catherine will be his wife which is what he wants his wife. Eddie starts to provoke and tease Rodolpho, Eddie does this as he believes that Rodolpho can do nothing to harm him, he also thinks that now he has kissed Catherine she knows how a real man kisses and will stay. Rodolpho can no longer take the teasing that Eddie is doing. (With tears of rage) (Rodolpho flies at him in attack. Eddie pins his arms, laughing, and suddenly kisses him. ) This is extremely unexpected and it shocks the audience and repels them. Eddie laughs at Rodolpho who is horror and rigid on the floor. Catherine also stars in horror as Eddie laughs mockingly. Eddie some how believes that by kissing Rodolpho he has shown Rodolphos true sexuality, and that he enjoyed it. (To Catherine) You see? (To Rodolpho) I give you till tomorrow, kid. Get outa here. Alone. You hear me? Alone. Eddie has violently and aggressively forced Catherine and Rodolpho to kiss him. These kisses could be a sign of Eddie suppressed sexual feelings as he and Beatrice have not been intimate for a while. The language in A View From The Bridge is different and mixed, Eddie Beatrice and Catherine use short, simple sentences, colloquial and uneducated, fitting with the view of Red Hook being a poor, uneducated area. Alfieri, the lawyer, has an educated, almost upper class style of language, because he is a professional. Rodolpho has a witty and entertaining style and he can gain interest with this (interest which Eddie wishes he wouldnt get). Marco says little in the play, apart from Act II he becomes more involved. He is soft spoken and thinks before he says anything. He is more of a physical force that Eddie must not cross but will should he harm Rodolpho. The characters in A View From The Bridge were originally small parts, but they were enlarged later on. In the American Society of the 1950s women were portrayed as weak and were only around to cook, clean and have children. Catherine is nai ve as she is unaware of how inappropriate it is for her to walk around in her slip, or watch and talk to Eddie while he shaves in his underwear. This is something that couples and married couples do. Catherine starts to tears away from Eddie when she finds someone who will love and protect her. Beatrice, Eddies wife is very understanding. Her love for Eddie knows no boundaries, she still loves him after he reports her cousins, and even though she knows that something is not right with Eddie. Beatrice is jealous of Catherine and Eddies relationship and she openly addresses Eddies lack of intimacy with her. When am I gonna be a wife again, Eddie? Beatrice wants Eddies approval as they are married and she needs it more that their niece. She forgives him for the whole incident with Catherine, whereas most women would leave any man attempting something so twisted as incest in my opinion. Alfieri is one of the most important roles in the play. He is the bridge between the two societies of America and Italy. He stays true to his ethnic identity. He is a well educated man who studies and respects American life. Alfieri constantly informs the audience and provides a commentary on what is happening. Alfieri gives Eddie epic proportions when Eddie comes to see him about getting rid of Marco and Rodolpho without informing the Immigration Bureau. I looked in his eyes more than I listened in fact, I can hardly remember the conversation. But I will never forget how dark the room became when he looked at me; his eyes were like tunnels. This makes A View From The Bridge seem more like a Greek Tragedy. Alfieri makes Eddie sound like a legendary character. Alfieri is similar to Arthur Miller as he is the teller of a great story and cannot change anything. Life in the 1950s for men and women would have been strict. For example many men these days take jobs that are feminine such as hairdressing, in Eddies view that aint right. Society has changed and most women now work and there are not many housewives any more. Law allows women to work and they can do manly jobs such as joining the army and becoming an officer, join the police force etc. Many men are similar to Rodolpho nowadays as they cook, clean, dance, sing, and some design clothes. The society has changed a great deal since the 1950s. Through out the play we as the audience, learn a lot about the characters and the people involved in each scene. Eddie is a complicated man, who because of his lack of education finds it hard to express himself, he can only do this through aggression and hostility. Beatrice gains a little more power over Eddie as he dies in her arms, he goes back to her. In a way I think that Eddie considers Beatrice to be a kind of safety net, because he knows that shell always be there for him. Catherine who is young, innocent and vulnerable in the play is happily unaware of Eddies desires towards her. Catherine ends up standing up to Eddie and questioning his authority when he says that they cant go to her wedding and why Beatrice listens to him. (Clearing from Beatrice)What are you scared of? Hes a rat! He belongs in a sewer! From this form of aggression shown by Catherine, when Eddie dies she tells him Eddie, I never meant to do nothing bad to you. She never meant to hurt him, but she was angry because of what he did. Marco changes in Act II, he plays a bigger part and is in more of the action, whereas Rodolphos character sort of fades into the background. Marco becomes bitter and passionate at the same time. He seeking revenge, because Eddie grassed on him to the Bureau and his country as he says In my country he would be dead now. He would not live this long. These many acts of manliness and hostility from some of the characters towards the others leads to aggression, which at the end, escalates as we find out about the happenings and goings on towards the end. This behaviour which is used throughout the play leads to the destruction and death of a happy family. Eddie was not afraid to show or share his views on the two submarines, this finally led to his fate, of him losing his social identity and this own death. Miller has shown a wide variety of theatrical techniques throughout this play through the dialogue, imagery, vocabulary, stage directions. When I read these two scenes I had my own views and pictures in my mind of how it would be acted out and how the characters had formed and how they became and acted they ways that they do. These two scenes are very important as they link the themes together, and create tension, excitement and give you an idea of 1950s Brooklyn, well the slums anyway. I think that certain elements in the play, although they have not been elaborated on are the close-nit community that the Carbone family lives in. The three themes are all linked to this idea of what it means to be a man. When I first read this play, I found it in a way disturbing to contemplate something such as Eddies incestuous desires for his young niece. All the way through the play is riveting and keeps you interested.

Spanish Conquistadors DBQ essays

Spanish Conquistadors DBQ essays In one of his speeches to his men, Cortez spoke of the great rewards that will come to them, his men, for their services. Without disguising it at all Cortez tells his men that they will be the richest of all men who have crossed the seas, engaging in a ... war which will bring [them] fame, and Almighty God, in whose name and faith [war] will be waged. All in the same speech, Cortez had his men understand their reasoning for being in the Americas. These motives were of Gold, God and Glory. Not a century after Columbus voyage to the Indies, the Spaniards were left without any exotic spices, flowers, etc. So they made the best of the situation and used the New World to catapult their wealth as shown by excerpts of a Spanish proclamation, Bernal Diaz and Hernan Cortez, spread the faith of the Catholic Church as emphasized by Cortez, de Sepulveda, the Pope and de las Casas, and create a name for themselves as stated by Bernal Diaz, Cortez and de Sepulveda. Spanish attitudes towards the Natives were influenced by these motives resulting mainly in cultural chauvinism and disrespect, and also protection of the Natives. Dreams of riches provided a backbone for many of Spains vie for renown in the unexplored lands, both as individuals and for their people, and often at the expense of native societies. As seen from the excerpts from a Spanish proclamation (1) to Indians, read in Spanish, the conquistadors used the excuse that if the Indians didnt convert to Christianity willingly, they would take their land, turn women and children into slaves, and obviously take their riches as well. This proclamation views the Indians as stupid and inferior to their race, it clearly showed disrespect as well as cultural chauvinism towards the natives. According to Cortez (3), a Spanish conquistador, everyone who joined him would get in return riches and gifts form the new land because, ...

Performance management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Performance management - Assignment Example The last step would be to have them brainstorm on how to have good interpersonal relationships with employees which is likely to help in resolving unwanted behavior issues in the workplace. According to Janakiram and Vijay it is easier to solve problems when there is a positive interpersonal relationship between the management and staff members (p.226). There are three guidelines that I would use to train the managers. They include developing of good interpersonal relationships with subordinates, developing a regular scheme for handling errant employees and communicating effectively. It is important to note that one of the most effective ways of handling employees with unwanted behavior is counseling (Janakiram and Vijay 227). Developing good interpersonal relationship between subordinates and managers would be possible if they received counseling. During counseling, people bond with each other which is one of the ways that motivate employees to feel connected to an organization. According to Carr and Nanni, smart managers usually know that it is important to have a motivated workforce (p. 3). By making use of such contextual strategies, I will be in a better position to determine the behaviors that he management team should explicitly target and encourage among the employees. The other guideline is to develop a regular scheme where it would be easy to handle errant employees. This would be made possible by issuing written, warning letters to employees who display unwanted behavior. Warning letters would be a good way for managers to document the disciplining measures that they have made to better their employees’ behavior. If this technique does not work, issuing a final warning letter to employees who repeat the unwanted behavior continuously. Lastly, the other guideline I would use to train the managers would be to encourage them to communicate effectively between each other or between them and the employees. Good communication in an organization is

Approaches to Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Approaches to Research - Essay Example But the challenge to food processors is really conducting what is called the byproduct development work. To this end there is no clear delineation that exists which describes main components for an effective byproduct development program. This proposal looks at the best strategic methodology that could assist in filling this void. It looks into ways of quantifying, identifying, developing, characterizing, optimizing, analyzing and modeling the waste stream of interest (Dalzell, 2000). The approach to byproduct development gives an inclusive strategy that can be used to more effectively manage industrial food waste. Remember that this methodology is not only applicable to food processing operations, but any industrial or manufacturing firm could benefit from instituting the formal components to be recommended. Hence if the various methodologies are implemented by manufacturers, this would increase the probability of meeting the goals of industrial ecology which are the developing and operating sustainable systems. Justification It will be realized that cost cutting programs in the industry rely heavily on lowering labor costs but, any major category of spending provides an opportunities for cost savings in industry. One of the areas that are over-looked is the area waste management. It is a common knowledge that Waste removal costs are always rising landfills all across the world are nearing the end of their lifespan. Again take note that recycling is getting more complicated and expensive and note forgetting the rising fuel costs which aren't borne by the waste haulers but which are simply passed on to the customers (Dalzell, 2000). Universally there exist many different waste management solutions available for the food manufacturing industry but it is not good to wait for the waste hauling companies to discuss them because these commercial waste hauling and recycling firms have a direct financial disincentive towards assisting food manufacturers to reduce the volume of waste and the costs associated to disposal. Remember that waste disposal is at times seen as an uncomplicated process in that workers collect and sort trash from recycling and then run loads to the dumpster several number of times per day or shift. This waste is collected by a contracted waste hauler at scheduled times and hours. But, industry owners, maintenance, directors managers and operations personnel have knowledge. Hence according to them waste management can be a major nuisance which poses issues that impact on efficiency, safety, floor space available, and also employee morale when excess waste accumulates. Furthermore, the production demands keep on varying while pick up charges remain the constant whether the dumpster is full or not. Take note that research indicates that up to 80% of a full dumpster is air space which means that 80 cents of each dollar that is spent on waste collecting services is literally thrown away. However, there are ways to improve waste handling in the food manufacturing industry to the extent that it not only leads to reduced costs but also enhances operations. Those responsible for making the waste process more efficient and cost effective are familiar with the various options that have been available for the past few